2024-09-14_506sb3ufgcg

### Rasa Cepaitiene_In the shadow of moscow_the stalinist reconstruction of the capitals in the soviet republics#5 (*0.607180953*) > Introduction Although the post-Soviet development of the former USSR union republics – now independent countries – over the last more than twenty years, both politically and economically, as well as culturally, were quite different, but they all had to deal with the problems of the evaluation of the Soviet period and the utilization of its tangible legacy in relation with the newly being created national identity. As is known, the Soviet modernization in a country having a huge territory and more than a hundred different nations living in it, sought not only to create a new type of society and to catch up with the industrialized Western countries, but also to level the enormous cultural and economic differences within the country for all the Soviet people by creating a unified cultural, world view and socioeconomic standard of living. In these processes both in the Stalinist period, and afterwards a special role was provided for architectu- Copyright © 2015 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press re. Until 1955 in the officially advocated doctrine of "socialist realism" the efforts of the totalitarian regime to create a unified and coherent aesthetic program that was to harmonize Sovietization with the declared promise of the "prosperity of the Soviet nations" were most revealed. What elements and signs of this program remain in the urban landscape of the capitals of the post-Soviet states and what do they mean today? The ideological basics of the totalitarian regime – Marxism-Leninism and Soviet cultural policy (Bolshevik Culture 1985; Gill 2011), as also its integral part – the Stalinist regulations of city planning and the creation of architecture – have already attracted the attention of many researchers (Golomstock 1991; Papernyi 1996; Ivanov 2001; Khmelnickyi 2006, 2007). However, mainly focusing on the decisions taken in Moscow (Schlögel 2008) and the analysis of the forms of architectural expression spread from it there is still R. Čepaitienė. In the shadow of Moscow: the Stalinist reconstruction of the capitals of the Soviet republics a lack of comparative works, covering not only the vertical "Center-periphery" relations, but also a comparative study of the horizontal processes taken place in different republics, in places seeking both commonalities and unavoidable differences. ### Armenian Architecture#9 (*0.589423954*) > In conjunction with the socialist classical style of architecture, socialist realism was the officially approved type of art in the Soviet Union. All material goods and means of production belonged to the community as a whole; this included the means of art production, which were also seen as powerful propaganda tools [16]. Architecture in the Soviet Union during the socialist period was associated with the socialist realism school of art and architecture. Function and form were the basic concepts of Modernist architecture. The corresponding concepts in socialist realism were "socialist content and national form". A building like a novel or a symphony had to be "socialist in content and national in form" [1, 49–50]. Abstract – The socialist realism principles, similar to other Eastern European countries, guided the construction and architecture in Albania from 1945 to 1990. the research done on various case studies of socialist architecture constructed in this period in Tirana tries to shed light on the topic of great interest nowadays regarding this style as part of Albanian heritage. The paper describes the history of socialist realism and the influence of the Albanian Communist Party on the development of the architecture during the socialist period. It demonstrates how the Albanian architecture development was radically changed by the socialist ideology and how this style was supported by the post-war architects. It is argued that the socialist realism style was predominant in the Albanian architecture of that period and this heritage needs to be preserved for next generations. Keywords – History of architecture, socialist realism, dictatorship, ideology, theories of socialism. Totalitarian regimes are characterized by attempts to control everyone and everything at any cost; by force and propaganda, they impose a single truth about the world and people. Lenin’s Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 was conducted in the name of socialism, and the proletarian state power passed under the control of the Communist Party. After the Second World War, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) carried out a powerful political and ideological invasion in many countries of Eastern Europe. Albania entered into the fold of the Soviet Union, "impatient" to pay tribute to Stalin. New elements of the communist ideology like socialist realism were introduced in all areas of culture and art. The control of the state was imposed over literature, music, visual arts and in the field of architecture and urban planning. ### Rasa Cepaitiene_In the shadow of moscow_the stalinist reconstruction of the capitals in the soviet republics#11 (*0.588885903*) > Taking this into account later in the article, looking through the prism of USSR national policy, the trends of Stalinist urban and architectural development will be presented in the "national border areas" – the capitals of the Soviet republics. I will try to discuss the following questions: 1) what were the essential components of the theory and practice of socialist realism in architecture and urban development and how were they manifested in the contexts of different national cultures? 2) were there any qualitative differences between the pre-war and post-war reconstructions of cities? 3) which – Soviet, national or mixed – elements remained rooted in the landscapes of the capitals of the Soviet republics after their Stalinist reconstructions were completed? 4) is it possible in "Stalin’s Empire style" to detect its local peculiarities and variations, allowing one to actualize it as part of the cultural heritage of the now independent post-Soviet states? On the basis of the analysis of the visual patterns of most of the capitals of the former Soviet republics I will seek to show what specific forms the doctrine of socialist realism acquired in the periphery of the USSR and what the national policy of the USSR did they reflect. In this case, it is especially important to define and assess the scales of the ideologically motivated expression "of national form" and the quality of the local examples of the architecture of socialist realism. Seeking to measure in place the objects of architecture remaining from the Stalinist period and to find out how this architecture is evaluated today the capitals of twelve of the fifteen former Soviet republics were visited and studied – they are Moscow, Kyiv, Kharkov (the former capital of the Ukrainian SSR until 1934), the capital of the Belorussian SSR Minsk, the capital of Moldovian SSR Chisinau, the capitals of the Baltic states, Vilnius, Riga and Tallinn, the capitals of the Trans-Caucasian republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia Tbilisi, Baku and Yerevan and the capital of the Turkmen SSR Ashgabat.