2024-09-15_upload do RAG i przepytanie z treści

### Buildings from the Socialist Past as part of a Citys Brand Identity The case of Warsaw.pdf#79 (*0.663364172*) > These aesthetic judgements are rather subjective and from the perspective of potential and real visitors, not professional architects. Knowing that the Palace of Culture and Science has been a subject of huge debate (Lisiak, 2009), we decided to study the perception of this site more thoroughly. We collected associations about the one of the most notorious architectural sites in Warsaw (Fig. 14).The dominating association found in the an - swers of American respondents is an accent on the big role of science and culture as the building de - voted to these activities is huge and is easily visible from the different parts of the city. One American respondent, a post-graduate student at the Universi - ty of Washington even left a comment that he can - not imagine Warsaw without the Palace of Culture and Science. Russian and Polish respondents such as their associ - ations with Moscow and Russian-Polish friendship. The respondents in the three groups have associa - tions connected with history as a reminder about communism and Stalinist past. It was not only the Soviet related past which is behind the building, but also the beauty of the architectural site which was indicated in all of the groups. Fig. 13. The perception of buildings Source: Author on the basis of the survey Fig. 14. Associations about the Palace of Culture and Science Source: Author on the basis of the survey Marina Ochkovskaya, Valentina Gerasimenko / Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series / 39 (2018): 113–127124 We asked respondents to gauge the emotions they feel looking at the Palace of Culture and Sci - ence as either negative, neutral or positive (Fig. 15). The American respondents, according to their answers, feel mainly positive emotions while look - ing at the building. None of the American re - spondents indicated negative emotions. It might be explained that Americans have never experienced communism and focus their attention on the ar - chitecture. The answers from Poles were divided between negative (19 respondents), neutral (20 re - spondents) and positive (61 respondents). Nega - tive emotions must be caused by associations with that period of history. Some people perceived it as a symbol of the Soviet intervention rather than the ### Buildings from the Socialist Past as part of a Citys Brand Identity The case of Warsaw.pdf#90 (*0.630302668*) > Fig. 15. Emotions experienced by looking at the Palace of Culture and Science Source: Author on the basis of the survey Marina Ochkovskaya, Valentina Gerasimenko / Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series / 39 (2018): 113–127125 times such as palaces, castles, abbeys and cathedrals. The huge Palace is now surrounded by the contem - porary skyscrapers which give Warsaw the percep - tion of a capital keeping up with the times. Although the Palace of Culture and Science is a part of an unwanted past, it represents a piece of history which also differentiates this place and gives special value for tourists. Moreover, the Palace in Warsaw is virtually the only chance for those who would like to explore the inside of socialist realism skyscrapers because all similar sites in Moscow, in - cluding the main building of the Lomonosov Mos - cow University, are closed to outsiders. Nowadays, the Palace conveys messages which go far beyond Stalinism. Our study has demonstrated that this ed - ifice represents the great role of science and culture in Warsaw’s life. Being very notable and opulent in terms of visual identity, the Palace provokes a sort of emotional loyalty, as some visitors are even not able to imagine a contemporary Warsaw without it. The Palace creates strong functional value and is really for the people’s use: "like the famous Mos - cow metro, this was luxury for the masses" (Pyzik, 2015). "People tend to adopt a pragmatic attitude to the former landscapes of socialism and associate so - cialist buildings and public spaces more with their contemporary uses" (Y oung, Kaczmarek, 2008: 57). ### Buildings from the Socialist Past as part of a Citys Brand Identity The case of Warsaw.pdf#71 (*0.61284411*) > All 300 respondents were aware of the Palace of Culture and Science. Second was the former head - quarters of the Polish Communist Party (4), and third the old building of the SMYK Store - which is now under reconstruction (Fig. 12). The respondents were then asked to estimate the perception of the beauty of these architectural sites by rating every building: 1 = very low, 2 = low, 3 = average, 4 = high, 5 = very high. Then in order to determine which buildings are perceived as more beautiful, the weighted averages for each site have been calculated (Fig. 13). The authors understand that the estimation of ‘beauty’ was mainly done by non-professionals who perceive it rather sub - jectively and emotionally. Taking into account that buildings serve different needs, including aesthetic satisfaction, it is important to understand the per - ception of architectural beauty by non-professionals. For Russians and Americans, the most beauti - ful building was the Palace of Culture and Science. The Poles highly regarded the Atrium in the Office Building at Wspólna 62 as the most beautiful from their perception (4.4 points). The Palace of Culture and Science ranks second amongst Polish respondents (4.1 points). The least beautiful from an American and Polish point of view was the building for the SMYK store. The respond - ents estimated its beauty after restoration from the fire in 1975 when the glass façade lost its splendor. Fig. 12. Awareness of the buildings from the socialist past by the respondents : A - awareness of the buildings: the respondents from the USA; B - awareness of the buildings: the Russian respondents; C - awareness of the buildings: the Polish respondents; D – total awareness of the buildings by the all respondents Explanation: Vertical axis is the number of respondents; Source: Author on the basis of the survey Marina Ochkovskaya, Valentina Gerasimenko / Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series / 39 (2018): 113–127123 Probably after the current reconstruction, the fully updated building will be considered more aestheti - cally pleasing. For the Russian respondents, the least aesthetic was the former headquarters of the Polish Communist Party. The beauty of SMYK was rather highly regarded by Russians (3.8 points). This might be explained that European shopping was historical - ly a highly desired thing for Russians and success - ful purchases give an additional charm to a place.

### Buildings from the Socialist Past as part of a Citys Brand Identity The case of Warsaw.pdf#5 (*0.652376771*) > Building and Atrium at Wspólna 62; and the former headquarters of the Polish Communist Party at Nowy Świat 6/12. These buildings were built after the Sec - ond World War between the late 1940s and the first half of the 1950s. With the exception of the Palace of Culture and Science - which is one of the most notable symbols of Warsaw - these architectural sites are not on a priority list of the aver - age tourist who does little or no planning for their trip. Nevertheless, these build - ings are connected to the Polish People’s Republic era and might attract different groups interested in this historical period and architecture. Apart from being po - tential tourist attractions, these buildings are being re-evaluated and restored to become integrated into the urban environment and more ‘comfortable’ for the lo - cal inhabitants. This paper gives some insights into the recognition and attractive - ness of these architectural sites from the socialist past by those from Russia and the USA who have visited Warsaw as well as by Poles who know this city well. It is recommended that these results be taken into consideration by tourist agencies who deal with tours in Warsaw as well as institutions responsible for the city’s im - age. The authors express the hope that this paper might be of interest for officials with public relations duties related to these architectural sites. Article details: Key words: city brand, visual identity, edifices, socialist past, Warsaw. Marina Ochkovskaya, Valentina Gerasimenko / Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series / 39 (2018): 113–127114 1 1 Introduction 1 2 City brand and its composition 1 3 Visual identity of the city Research methodology: buildings from the socialist past as a part of the identity of Warsaw ... 117 3 Findings 3 1 Perception of Warsaw 3 2 Perception of architectural sites from the socialist past Introduction The old and the new are imprinted into a city’s identity. The socialist past experienced by Poland af - fected different areas, including a city’s appearance. ### Buildings from the Socialist Past as part of a Citys Brand Identity The case of Warsaw.pdf#79 (*0.645741105*) > These aesthetic judgements are rather subjective and from the perspective of potential and real visitors, not professional architects. Knowing that the Palace of Culture and Science has been a subject of huge debate (Lisiak, 2009), we decided to study the perception of this site more thoroughly. We collected associations about the one of the most notorious architectural sites in Warsaw (Fig. 14).The dominating association found in the an - swers of American respondents is an accent on the big role of science and culture as the building de - voted to these activities is huge and is easily visible from the different parts of the city. One American respondent, a post-graduate student at the Universi - ty of Washington even left a comment that he can - not imagine Warsaw without the Palace of Culture and Science. Russian and Polish respondents such as their associ - ations with Moscow and Russian-Polish friendship. The respondents in the three groups have associa - tions connected with history as a reminder about communism and Stalinist past. It was not only the Soviet related past which is behind the building, but also the beauty of the architectural site which was indicated in all of the groups. Fig. 13. The perception of buildings Source: Author on the basis of the survey Fig. 14. Associations about the Palace of Culture and Science Source: Author on the basis of the survey Marina Ochkovskaya, Valentina Gerasimenko / Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series / 39 (2018): 113–127124 We asked respondents to gauge the emotions they feel looking at the Palace of Culture and Sci - ence as either negative, neutral or positive (Fig. 15). The American respondents, according to their answers, feel mainly positive emotions while look - ing at the building. None of the American re - spondents indicated negative emotions. It might be explained that Americans have never experienced communism and focus their attention on the ar - chitecture. The answers from Poles were divided between negative (19 respondents), neutral (20 re - spondents) and positive (61 respondents). Nega - tive emotions must be caused by associations with that period of history. Some people perceived it as a symbol of the Soviet intervention rather than the ### Buildings from the Socialist Past as part of a Citys Brand Identity The case of Warsaw.pdf#54 (*0.645667493*) > After 1989, when communism collapsed in Po - land, a number of small buildings built at the end of the 1940s-50s were destroyed, for example, the post - war cinemas Kino Moskwa, Kino Praha and Kino Skarpa in Warsaw (Lisiak, 2009). As for the build - Marina Ochkovskaya, Valentina Gerasimenko / Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series / 39 (2018): 113–127120 ings chosen for this research, they were not razed and still exist. An online survey was utilized as a research method in order to reach respondents from differ - ent places. The questionnaire, placed on survio.com, was designed to elicit respondents’ perceptions of Warsaw, architectural edifices from socialist times and specifically to investigate perceptions of the main landmark, the Palace of Culture and Science. Relevant pictures of Warsaw and the buildings were included in the questionnaire. At the beginning of November 2016, the link was distributed among Polish, Russian and American respondents. There was a filter question for Russian and American re - spondents which asked whether they had travelled to Warsaw. For the analysis, we selected 100 rele - vant respondents from each group. The age inter - val of our respondents is 21-72. The Polish sample included Varsovians who were chosen intentional - ly, as they have better knowledge about architectural sites in the city. The Russian sample was comprised of Muscovites. The respondents from the USA made up the most diversified sample from a geographi - cal point of view. The sample contained respondents from Chicago (33%), Washington D.C. (28%), New Y ork (21%), San Francisco (7%), Philadelphia (7%), Chapel Hill (2%), and Ann Arbor (2%). 71% of re - spondents professionally specialize in Slavic stud - ies, including Polish , while 29% are those who have Polish roots (3), and live in the USA now.. Findings Perception of Warsaw We started with an examination of participants’ thoughts and feelings about the city of Warsaw. All respondents had been to Warsaw. To find out their perception of the city, we asked open-ended ques - tion about associations with Warsaw. The answers were analyzed and their meanings were divided into positive vs. tragic and contemporaneity vs. historical

### architecture-power-and-national-identity#349 (*0.631145537*) > Even when a capital city is designed as if by a single hand, the infusion of national symbolism into capital cities and capitol districts occurs over a long period of time. While there may be significant symbolic content suggested by the institutional juxtapositions called for in some grand master plan, this symbolism will inevitably undergo marked alteration during the long course of the city’s growth and development. The fabrication of national meanings and the symbolic consolidation of political power occur in a great variety of ways, at variable rates, and are always subject to the vicissitudes of public opinion. Sometimes the manipulation of symbols occurs at the level of architectural form making, in which buildings may be designed to denote, express, or metaphorically recall favored past associations or current group ties. In urban design terms, powerful groups may claim key intersections or privileged high ground in the city to display their prestige. They may build elaborate processional routes that serve as settings in both space and time, binding individuals and groups with events considered vital to the state. At the largest scale, decisions about where to locate capital cities may indicate both conflict and compromise among rival groups. Both as places for progovernment rallies and as dramatic targets for political protest, capital cities and the capitols within them gain meanings that their sponsors could not possibly have anticipated. In consequence, the diversity personal and group reactions government-sponsored acts ensures that all national symbolism is in a state of continual transformation. From the early plans for Washington, D.C., to the most recent designs for capitol complexes in disparate corners of the postcolonial developing world, highly charged cityscapes provide a commonality of challenges for designers and for those who wish to interpret the disposition of power and the construction of national identity. Early designed capitals: for union, for imperialism, for independence ### Buildings from the Socialist Past as part of a Citys Brand Identity The case of Warsaw.pdf#19 (*0.628223717*) > Soviet bloc (Grazuleviciute-Vileniske, Urbonas, 2014: 638). In Central and Eastern Europe, these remnants are nowadays treated mainly without any connection to their communist ideology, e.g. the building of the former headquarters of the Polish Communist Party ( Dom Partii ) in Warsaw does not currently demonstrate any sign from its past (Fig. 1). The building looks very contemporary with cozy cafes in the courtyard and free outdoor seating for the public during warmer seasons. The point of difference for positioning a city is based on its specific characteristics. Sometimes it is not easy or even possible to formulate a point of difference, especially, for capitals which are versa - tile and multifaceted. Moscow is the most dynamic city in Russia, with a lot of different opportunities. The idea of such a city might work for Russian cit - izens, but for tourists it is not of key importance. The distinguishing cultural heritage of Moscow at - tracts foreign tourists. Communist artefacts in for - mer Soviet bloc cities can provoke interest among tourists from western countries where communism was never experienced. However, local citizens are not always excited that their home town is associ - ated with communism and that its remnants are at - tractions for visitors. Visual identity of the city The identity of a city forms over a long time peri - od. The Oxford dictionary defines identity as the characteristics determining who or what a person or thing is. A city’s identity absorbs a lot of different aspects including geographical characteristics, cul - ture, architectural character, tradition, customs and lifestyle (Y aldız et al., 2014: 222). The city’s image as a general impression of what a destination repre - Fig. 1. The view in front of the former headquarters of the Polish Communist Party and its courtyard Marina Ochkovskaya, Valentina Gerasimenko / Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series / 39 (2018): 113–127116 sents to the public comes from its identity. The city’s image or brand is based on its identity. The uniqueness and distinctiveness of a place is subjective to those who live there and is relative to their experience. So it is important that the identi - ties held by residents are taken into consideration for place branding (Kavaratzis et al., 2015: 66-67). ### architecture-power-and-national-identity#296 (*0.623475373*) > The visible symbols of national identity take many forms. Flags come to mind first, along with icons of those leaders responsible for creation of the state. These, in turn, are often associated with party emblems and other accepted logos and slogans of national government. Such are the images on coins and bills, often in combination with depictions of indigenous flora and fauna. Similarly, such images of national identity predominate on those postage stamps that collectors curiously term noncommemoratives, presumably on the grounds that they do not commemorate a particular historical event. Works of architecture and acts of urban design assume a peculiar place in this assemblage of national symbols. A few decades after the Lincoln Memorial was built its image displaced the words ONE CENT from the center of the tails side of the American penny. Likewise, on the nickel the head of Jefferson is backed by the image of his home at Monticello. These two buildings and a few others in and around Washington, D.C., not only are associated with individual statesmen but also have become infused with the symbolism of American democratic government. Although there may be few clues in their neoclassical architectural language to reveal the inevitability of their association with a specifically American national identity, such symbolic associations do remain powerful. Capital cities and the parliament buildings constructed within them would seem to be ready purveyors of national identity, since they are ostensibly built to serve and symbolize a nation-state as a whole. Frequently, however, since their siting and appearance are chosen by the leadership rather than by the populace, the resultant place hardly resembles a truly national identity. Architecture and planning are often used as tools for promoting something called national identity, but many dimensions of this phenomenon remain unarticulated. When one reflects upon the design of a new capital city or the architecture of a national assembly building within it, it seems appropriate to consider exactly what is being assembled. Postcolonial capitals and capitols, intended as visual evidence of the rightful existence of a new state, are designed with multiple simultaneous frames of reference. Yet, to the extent that these places are discussed at all, assessments are too frequently couched solely in formal terms. Or if there is some attempt to interpret the form, the place is reduced to a cultural symbol, detached from the social and economic forces that helped to produce it.